(a). Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination. (10 marks) (b). (i). Discuss the advantages of reproduction by seeds (ii). Explain the disadvantages of reproduction by seeds (5 marks)

(a). Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination. (10 marks)
-Have large brightly coloured petals; which attract insects.
Presence of nectaries; that secrete sweet scented nectar; which serve as bait for the insects.
Have small; sticky stigma; which enables the pollen grains from the insects body to stick onto it.
Anthers are small; and held firmly onto the filaments; to ensure that the y don't break when the insects rub against them as they crawl into the flower.
Have large; heavy and sticky pollen grains so as to stick on the insects' body.
The anthers produce few but large grains; to increase the chances of their transfer to a stigma for pollination.
Flowers normally have shapes that are convenient for the insects body thus the insects land and fit comfortably e.g. flower petals forming a corolla tube;
Total 16 marks; maximum = 10 marks;

(b). (i). Discuss the advantages of reproduction by seeds
-Fertilization brings about genetic mixing which lead to formation of desirable qualities.
-Variants often show hybrid vigour, hence better competitive ability for resources;
-Variants are better adapted to environmental conditions.
-Variations normally provide the basis for evolutionary changes;

(ii). Explain the disadvantages of reproduction by seeds (5 marks)
Some seeds have very low viability.
Some seeds have long dormancy and may need special treatment in order to germinate.
Seeds are less likely to survive harsh environ mental (soil) conditions;
Resultant offsprings have slow maturity rate;
Good parental traits may be lost due to recombination while bad (defective) recessive traits in parents may be expressed in offsprings
Any 5 correct; 5 x 1 = 5 marks;