With reference to named examples in each case, show how flowers are adapted for:- (i). Wind pollination. (8 marks) (ii). Insect pollinated. (8 marks).(iii). Self pollination (4 marks)

With reference to named examples in each case, show how flowers are adapted for:- 

(i). Wind pollination. (8 marks)

-Flowers are small, inconspicuous and have dull coloured bracts or inflorescence, which can't attract insects or even absent.
-Lack nectaries and thus not sweat scented; lacking the scent bait to attract insects;
-Have stigma that are large, long and feathery and hang outside the flowers to receive any pollen grains from the air;
-The large and feathery nature of the stigma increases the surface area for trapping pollen grains;
-Pollen grains are small; light and smooth and hence can easily be blown away by air currents without sticking together;
-The pollen grains are also dry; so that they are easily picked up and blow over greater distances by wind;
-Flowers are irregular in shape; with the male parts exposed; for easy transfer of pollen grains by wind.
-Anthers are large and loosely attached to the filament so that the slightest air movement can shake them; to disperse pollen grains;

(ii). Insect pollinated. (8 marks)

-Flowers are large; conspicuous with brightly coloured petals or bracts or inflorescence; to attract insects;
-The flowers have nectaries; to secrete sweet scented nectar; to attract insects.
-The flower shape is especially designed to allow the insect to get into the nectile e.g. the flowers are fused to form a corolla tube; during which time they carry away pollen grains;
-They have small anthers, which are firmly attached to the filament; to resists breakage when insects make contact;
-They have large, heavy, and rough pollen grains; to stick onto the body of the insects.
-They have stigmas, which are small, sticky and occur inside the flower; so that pollen on insects' bodies easily stick onto them;
-Some flowers have honey or nectar guides to direct insects towards the nectaries; hence facilitating transfer of pollen grains into the insects' bodies or to stigma;
-Some flower shapes mimics the shape of pollinating insects; thereby attracting insects into them; during which time the insects come into contact with stamens and carpels;
-Some flowers have petals modified to standard and keel to provide suitable landing surface for pollinating insects; hence contact with anthers and stigma; to effect pollination;

(iii). Self pollination (4 marks)

-The stigma is situated at a lower position to that of the anthers; to receive pollen grains from its own anthers;
-Flowers are small and closed; such that they can't easily open and most therefore self-pollinate.