Support and movement in plants and animals Study questions and answers.

1. Explain how the following tissues are adapted to provide mechanical support in plants: -

  a) Parenchyma

b) Collenchyma

c) Sclerenchyma

2. The diagram below represents a bone in the mammalian skeleton.

a)      Identify the bone with a reason.

b)      State the function of the part labelled D

3.         The diagram below represents a mammalian bone

(a)   Identify the bone shown above.

(b)   State the function of the parts labelled R and S.

(c)   State the region of the body in which the bone is found.

4. (i) Name two bones that form the ball and socket joint in the fore limb of a mammal.

     (ii) Name the fluid that is found in the above mentioned joint and its function.

5. State three types of skeleton found in Kingdom animalia.

6. State three differences between an animal’s muscle cell and plant’s palisade cell.

7. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone .

(a)Name the bone.

(b) (i) Which bone articulates with the bone shown in the diagram at the notch?

(ii) Name the type of joint formed when the bones in b(i) articulate.

8. (a) Name the hard-outer covering of the members of the phylum Arthropoda.

(b) State two roles played by the structure named in (a) above.

9. (a) State the role of lignin in the wall of the xylem vessel.

(b) How does vascular bundles contribute to support in plants.

10. (a) Distinguish between tendons and ligaments.

b) State one way through which herbaceous plants achieve support.

11. Name the;

a) i) Material used to strengthen the xylem tissue.

            ii) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed

           

           

b) State the areas of the plant where translocated materials are taken.

12. Give three importance of mammalian skeleton.

13. The diagram below represents the anterior view of a rib.

Name the part labelled X

14.  The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal .

a) Name the bone.

b) Name the:

i) Bones which articulate with the bone named in (a) above at the cavity labelled K.

ii) Joint formed by the two bones at K.

c) State functions of part labelled J

15. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammalian skeleton:   

(a) Identify the bone   .

 (b) Name the.

(i) Bone it articulates with at point A

(ii) Type of joint that forms at point B in articulation with other bones

16. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal.

(a) Identify the bone.

(b) Name the structures labelled X and W.

(c) Name the bone that articulate with structure labelled Z

17. (a) Name the vertebra in a mammalian body that is characterised by presence of odontoid process.

(b) State the function of the odontoid process.

18. a) Name three supporting tissues in plants.

b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follow:

           

i) Identify the muscle represented by X and Y.

ii) Describe how muscles x and y cause straightening of the joint z.

c) Name the joint z.

19. (a) What is the importance of locomotion in animals?

(b) Explain how a bony fish is adapted for movement in its habitat.


MARKING SCHEME

    Support and movement in (a) Plants (b) animals

1.         a) have closely packed cells which when turgid provide mechanical support;

            b) Their walls are thickened with cellulose which offer mechanical support;

            c) Consists of dead cells thickened with lignin which is rigid;

2.         a) Lumbar vertebra;                                                                                       

            b)         - Broad neural spine;

                        - Large and broad centrum;

                        - Broad and long transverse processes;

            c) Passage of spinal cord;

3.         (a) Cervical vertebra;                                                                                     

            (b) R – (Facet) for articulation with the next vertebra;

                 S- (Transverse process) for attachment of muscles;

            (c) Neck region/ cervical region;

4.         (i) Humerus; Scapula;                                                                                    

(ii) Synovial fluid; Lubrication of bones/prevent friction;

5.         – Endoskeleton;                                                                                             

- Hydrostatic skeleton;

- Exoskeleton;

Muscle cell	Palisade cell
-          Lacks chloroplast	-          Has chloroplast;
-          lacks cell wall	-          has cell wall;
-          smaller in size	-          larger in size;
-          presence of centrioles	-          lack of centrioles;
-          tiny and numerous vacuoles	-          large central cell vacuole

6.

                                                                                   

7.         a) Ulna;

b) i) Humerus;

               ii) Hinge

8          a) Exoskeleton;

b) Supports body tissue and organs, protects inner parts; reduces water loss; evaporation; leverage in movement; attachment of muscles;

9.         a) Provide mechanical strength / support/ it is a strengthening tissue;         

            b) Xylem vessels and tracheids have lignified walls; to provide support;

10.       a) Tendons are structures which attach skeletal muscles to bone; while ligaments are structures that hold two bones together;

b) Use of turgor pressure/turgidity; use of tendrils and climbing stems; tissue distribution in stems (parenchyma) sclerenchyma / collenchyma); use of xylem (thickened tracheids & vessels) ; use of spines and thorns e.g roses.

11.       a) i) Lignin;

               ii) Phloem;

            b) Growing areas of root, stem/ shoot, meristems;

                Storage organs – Fruits, seeds, stems, roots, leaves;

12.       Maintain shape of the body/support;

            Protect delicate organs of the body e.g. heart, brain;

            Place/ area of attachment for other organs of the body;

            Production of blood cells

            Storage of mineral salts

            Endocrine regulation

13.       Capitulum      

14.       (a) Scapula;

            (b) (i) Humerus;

 (ii) Ball and socket joint;

....For muscle attachment;

15.       a) Femur

         b) Pelvic girdle/ pubis of pelvic girdle;

         c) Hinge joint;

16.       Thoracic vertebra Rj. thoracic alone or vertebra alone

            b) X-neutral spine;

              W-centrum;

            c) Rib

17.       (a) Axis;

             (b) Fits in the neural canal of atlas to permit for turning of the head:

18.       a) - Sclerenchyma;

            - Xylem;

            - Collenchyma;

            Accept Parenchyma

            b)         i) X – Biceps;

                            Y- Triceps;

                                    Reject Flexor and Extensor

                        ii) X (Biceps) relaxes; as Y (Triceps) contracts;

            c) Hinge joint;

18.       a) Locomotion enables animal to move from one place to another in search of food; mates; to escape from predators; to disperse/avoid unfavourable environments;

b) have streamlined body which reduces friction; The scales overlap pointing backwards allowing water to pass over the fish without obstruction. Mucus is also secreted over the scales reducing friction during movement.; they have air-filled swim bladder to maintain a density that is equal to that of

the surrounding water; enabling the fish to float and sink (alter its depth in water); They have a flexible backbone onto which segments of muscle blocks, myotomes, are attached. The muscles contract and relax bringing about undulating movements; tail fin long/has large surface area to increase the amount of water displaced resulting  in an increase in forward thrust; presence of dorsal and ventral fins that prevent rolling and yawing; presence of pelvic and pectoral fins to prevent pitching; they have strong tail muscles which enable the tail to move from side to side against water;(pushing the fish to move forward); they have paired pectoral and pelvic fins; which are used for steering; for bringing about downward or  upward  movement; as  breaks//for  braking; and for preventing pitching; they have unpaired fins, dorsal and anal fins; which increases the vertical surface area preventing the fish from rolling or yawing; the fish has inflexible head which to maintain forward thrust;