Describe the defects that affect the mammalian eye and how they could be corrected.
Short-sightedness (myopia);
-A condition where light rays from a distant object are focused in front of the retina; while those from a near object are clearly focused on the retina;
-It is caused by an abnormally elongated eyeball; or too much refractive power of the eye lens; it is corrected by wearing concave/diverging lenses; which
diverge light rays; or reduce the refractive power of the eye before they reach the eye lens;
Long-sightedness (Hypermetropia);
-light rays from a near object are not focused by the time they reach the retina; or may be focused behind the retina; while the rays from a distant object are sharply focused;
-The defect is caused by an eyeball that is too short; or an elongated/weak lens system (distance between lens and the retina is short/low refractive power);
-Corrected by wearing a converging/convex lens; which refracts light rays before reaching the eye lens; this enhances refraction resulting in rays being sharply focused onto the retina;
Astigmatism;
-Rays from an object are brought to focus on different planes; due to unequal curvature of the cornea/lens; causing unequal refraction of light entering the eye; this defect is corrected by wearing special cylindrical lens in front of the eye; the lens corrects the focus in the defective planes;
Colour-blindness;
-A genetic defect; in which an animal is unable to distinguish between colours particularly within the red-green spectrum; the retina lacks cones; pigments that respond to colour vision; genetically inherited condition that has no physical correction.
Squintedness;
-An eye defect in which extrinsic muscles of the eye; that control the turning of the eyeball do not co-ordinate accordingly on stimulation; it affects the paired rectus muscles that move the eyeball up and down; and the lateral rectus muscles that move the eyeball left to right; the eyeballs therefore face different directions; making focusing and accommodation difficult to achieve; corrected by specialized surgery;
Old sight (Presbyopia);
-Caused by old age; when supplies of nutrients and oxygen to the lens is far much reduced; hence the cells of the lens die; the lens’ elasticity is reduced; and hence cannot adequately change shape; and becomes fixed into a shape that is not suitable for distant vision; managed by use of ‘reading glasses that have converging lenses; to give the eyes an extra refractive power;
Cataracts;
-Associated with old age; but may also be caused by an eye injury due to a blow; or complications of diabetes mellitus; the eye lens become cloudy; blocking transmission of light rays; protein fibres become denatured; and clump together making the lens translucent/opaque; corrected by surgery; to replace the defective lens with a normal one from a donor; or use of artificial lens;
-A condition where light rays from a distant object are focused in front of the retina; while those from a near object are clearly focused on the retina;
-It is caused by an abnormally elongated eyeball; or too much refractive power of the eye lens; it is corrected by wearing concave/diverging lenses; which
diverge light rays; or reduce the refractive power of the eye before they reach the eye lens;
Long-sightedness (Hypermetropia);
-light rays from a near object are not focused by the time they reach the retina; or may be focused behind the retina; while the rays from a distant object are sharply focused;
-The defect is caused by an eyeball that is too short; or an elongated/weak lens system (distance between lens and the retina is short/low refractive power);
-Corrected by wearing a converging/convex lens; which refracts light rays before reaching the eye lens; this enhances refraction resulting in rays being sharply focused onto the retina;
Astigmatism;
-Rays from an object are brought to focus on different planes; due to unequal curvature of the cornea/lens; causing unequal refraction of light entering the eye; this defect is corrected by wearing special cylindrical lens in front of the eye; the lens corrects the focus in the defective planes;
Colour-blindness;
-A genetic defect; in which an animal is unable to distinguish between colours particularly within the red-green spectrum; the retina lacks cones; pigments that respond to colour vision; genetically inherited condition that has no physical correction.
Squintedness;
-An eye defect in which extrinsic muscles of the eye; that control the turning of the eyeball do not co-ordinate accordingly on stimulation; it affects the paired rectus muscles that move the eyeball up and down; and the lateral rectus muscles that move the eyeball left to right; the eyeballs therefore face different directions; making focusing and accommodation difficult to achieve; corrected by specialized surgery;
Old sight (Presbyopia);
-Caused by old age; when supplies of nutrients and oxygen to the lens is far much reduced; hence the cells of the lens die; the lens’ elasticity is reduced; and hence cannot adequately change shape; and becomes fixed into a shape that is not suitable for distant vision; managed by use of ‘reading glasses that have converging lenses; to give the eyes an extra refractive power;
Cataracts;
-Associated with old age; but may also be caused by an eye injury due to a blow; or complications of diabetes mellitus; the eye lens become cloudy; blocking transmission of light rays; protein fibres become denatured; and clump together making the lens translucent/opaque; corrected by surgery; to replace the defective lens with a normal one from a donor; or use of artificial lens;
Max. 20 mks
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